Sunday, January 19, 2020
We Are Made of Star Stuff
We are â€Å"star stuff†. Discuss in detail our connections to the stars as established by modern astronomy. Modern astronomy has allowed us to understand how the universe functions and also provides the answers to some of the big questions. Questions like the origin of the universe and origin of life itself. It tells us that stars are the cosmic furnaces where all most all the building blocks of life and planets were synthesized. Lighter, basic and abundant elements like hydrogen and helium were formed during the Big Bang.During Big Bang, space expansion cooled the early energy dominated universe and a lot of energy transformed into matter. These basic elements were then able to create the early stars and also the stars of today. Inside of these stars lighter elements fused to release large quantities of energy and in the process of doing that converted hydrogen and helium into heavier elementary particles. Such elements would be deposited in the core of the star and are spew ed out into surrounding interstellar space when the star dies an explosive death.These newly synthesized heavy elements are essential for life to begin and evolve. 1 Hydrogen, helium and a little bit of lithium were made in the Big Bang. Hydrogen, the most abundant element accounted for around 75% of the matter, followed by helium at 25%. 2 Large quantity of these primordial gas formed clouds and such clouds were then condensed by local gravity to form the very first stars that lit up the dark skies of early universe. 3 As the baby stars contracted, temperature in the core rose to extreme level triggering nuclear fusion/hydrogen fusion.Nuclear fusion is a process in which two or more atoms fuse to synthesize heavier atom and this process of fusing releases large quantities of energy. 4 All the ingredients/elements needed to make the earth and all life forms on earth were created in the cores of stars. 5 These ingredients are then released out of the core of star into the surrounding when the giant star dies an explosive death known as the supernovae. This phenomenon occurs only to stars that are very big. Elements of up to iron can be made in a star and heavier than iron elements are produced in the supernovae. At least six of these essential elements compose life on earth and they are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorous. 8 Almost all life forms on earth are carbon based. This applies to the smallest living organisms (with exception of the new Inner core of a star7 discovery of arsenic based bacteria) to the biggest – the blue whale and all the living plants. They all have the same basic building blocks in their DNA. 9 Those building blocks are the essential elements.All of the rocky and metallic materials that made up our planet, the iron that runs in our blood, the calcium in our teeth and bones10, oxygen atoms that form water after combining with hydrogen, and, nitrogen and oxygen atoms that make up most of the atmosphere of earth are all products of stars billions of years ago. 11 As you can see in the picture above all of the heavier elements (above H and He) and including helium are made by the stars. The elements shown on the cross-section of the picture form heavier elements, they make up all the elements we discovered so far; the elements on the periodic table.Stars begin its life mostly made out of hydrogen and helium. The breakdown of hydrogen and helium in our sun is seventy percent and twenty eight when it started its life. 12 The building of heavier elements begins with hydrogen. Hydrogen is taken four at a time to form a single atom of helium. This process goes on for ninety percent of a stars’ life. When a star runs out of hydrogen, it starts fusing helium atoms to stay alive (producing energy to fight its own immense gravity from causing itself to collapse). Three atoms of helium are fused in the process of nuclear fusion to form an atom of carbon.As the process of fusing moves to n ext heavier atoms the duration of fusion process of newer atom becomes a lot shorter because for fusing atoms higher than hydrogen the number of available atoms for fusing is far fewer than the number atoms available when the star was fusing hydrogen for example. Next in line is oxygen. Adding one more helium to the carbon makes oxygen. Nitrogen is also made in the stars. 12 Without oxygen life as we know cannot survive. This process goes onto making silicon and iron. Nuclear fusion stops at iron because temperatures in star don’t reach high enough to fuse iron.So how do the elements heavier than iron form? The answer to this question lies in the size of the star. Only big stars (much bigger that our sun) are capable of producing a supernovae. Only such a catastrophic explosion can break the boundary set by iron and produce heavier atoms to fill the rest of the periodic table of elements. From the dusts and particles leftover of dead stars combined together to form asteroids and comets. Asteroids clumped together can form planet core. So life on earth basically began with the basic material that was available.These material/large molecules essential for the formation of living cells are proteins, carbohydrates (sugar), fats, and nucleic acids. It’s been found that meteorites contains essential stuff like amino acids (proteins made of amino acid), sugars, fatty acids (building block of fats), and bases for nucleic acids. For instance, the Murchison meteorite that crashed in Australia in 1969 is found to contain chains of fatty acids, different types of sugars, all five nucleic acid bases, and more than 70 kinds of amino acids (life forms use only 20 amino acids). 3 â€Å"We are star stuff â€Å"in the unforgettable words of Dr. Carl Sagan. The atoms that made up our bodies are created in the innards of stars that died many aeons ago. The planet we live on is made up materials like iron, silicon and carbon, etc are all forged in the natureâ€℠¢s grandest factory we know as stars. The air we breathe to stay alive is a product of stars. Stars also nourish life. The sun ray helps plants with photosynthesis; helps them break down carbon dioxide into organic compounds (sugars). Plants are a major source of food for humans and other creatures.Over the past few centuries (mainly 1900-2000) astronomy has made many eye opening discoveries; about the origin of the whole universe, our fate, and that we human are not the centre of the universe. It encourages humility in us and makes us better understand our connections the cosmos. References 1. Carl Sagan (No Date). Cosmos-We are Star Stuff Available: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=0UR2L_4ic6Y&feature=related 2. Lawrence Krauss (3-27-2009). Life, the Universe and Nothing lecture Available: http://www. youtube. com/watch? =rdvWrI_oQjY [2011-04-04] video start at 51:11-52:16minutes 3. Dr. Tony Phillips (7-18-2000). X-ray Star Stuff [online] Available: http://science. nasa. gov/sc ience-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast18jul_1m/ [2011-04-04] 4. Wikipedia-Nuclear Fusion (no date). [online] Available: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion [2011-04-04] 5. Sam Neill (presenter) (no date). Space with Sam Neill Available: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=0zU1F6liZKo [2011-04-04] 6. =3 7. Mike S (12-7-2010). Science & Religion #8: We are all made of stars online] Available: http://www. wheatandtares. org/2010/12/07/science-religion-8-we-are-all-made-of-stars/ [2011-04-04] 8. Jason Palmer (12-2-2010). Arsenic-loving bacteria may help in hunt for alien life [online] Available: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/science-environment-11886943 [2011-04-04] 9. Dan Solomon (12-2-2010). NASA Announces Arsenic Based Life Forms- But Are They Going To Kill Us? [online] Available: http://www. asylum. com/2010/12/02/nasa-announcement-aliens-arsenic/ [2011-04-04] 10. Korintherne (7-7-2006).Reasons & Facts: Cosmic Connection [online] Available: http://curezone. com/blogs/fm. asp? i =982845 [2011-04-04] 11. Dayanara (MA) (No Date). We are star stuff†¦ [online] Available: http://www. free-daily-motivational-self-improvement. com/we-are-star-stuff. html [2011-04-04] 12. Neil Tyson (presenter) (No Date). Elements: Forged in Stars Available: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=uKqvjEE0wFg [2011-04-04] 13. Leslie Mullen (9-5-2005). Building Life from Star-Stuff [online] Available: http://www. astrobio. net/exclusive/1702/building-life-from-star-stuff [2011
Saturday, January 11, 2020
`Les Demoiselles d`Avignon` by Picasso Essay
When Picasso painted `Les Demoiselles d`Avignon` he didn`t show the work immediately. What was so controversial and different about this painting? Discuss painting disrupt prevailing aesthetics of the time?            Pablo Picasso, one of the most outstanding and influential artists of art history created the icon of the Modernism era in art. Modernism in arts is now 100 years old and this is attributed with the release of one of Picasso’s painting, Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon. In 1907, the Titanic has yet to sick, San Francisco in the United States was still shattered with the devastation of an earthquake, but in the Parisian Hill of Montmartre, which is home to anarchy and cabaret, a Spanish immigrant named Pablo Picasso is creating the first and greatest masterpiece of modern art. Picasso at the age of 25 drew Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon in the winter of 1906-1907. His ideas of his subject were created with conscious planning and a resemblance of some of his influences, Leonardo and Gà ©ricault. The 8 feet square canvass described with the nature of reality was to be discovered as profound as other advancement of the field of knowledge contributed by Picasso’s contemporary, Albert Einstein, in the field of Physics. It cannot be said that 100 years of painting has occurred with the masterpiece of Picasso, but rightfully stated is that modernism had initiated with his masterpiece.            Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon shows five women entangled in silver and blue draperies and two of them stand with arms raised to flaunt their breast. The other three women wore masks; one was in brown wooden simulacrum of a face, the two in African masks. One of the two women wearing African masks is intruding behind a jagged cloth while the other squats among fabric of diamonds. There in the canvass is also a plate of fruits. And the painting shows the first emergence of cubism, with nude women where scarce curves could be seen, sharp elbows, geometrical silhouettes of hips and waists and triangle breast. The painting attends to symmetry and space. To many art historians and critics, the work of Picasso in particular with this painting is incomparable. As an artist, he somehow knew that he was doing something of grave importance in the art world, even revolutionary but cannot seem to discern it. To look intently of the Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon does not bring its full content and meaning, in order to interpret it, one must look at it from afar, and with an unfocused eye. This painting exemplifies the art of looking into the painting. What Picasso is conveying is the furious return of look with contempt from the painting spectator.            The African masks worn by the three women are essential in describing the disguise of the characters intent. Picasso picked his subjects intently because it had a sense of being a clichà ©, and what Picasso was trying to do was show the originality of art being not bounded by morality, or formality but in being innovative. What Picasso did with this painting is to introduce what Modernism is, that arts triumphs from over content. There is also a sense of earthiness of Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon as it showcase sexuality at the same time anticipates the discoveries explicit in Cubist art. It can be described as a rebellion from the western tradition styles. Picasso liberates eroticism because the painting lacks any meaning or narration. Today painting is on its re-emergence period, with several British artists going back to using the medium of paint and canvass. But for over 100 years, Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon is still so new as a form and style employed in painting. It has transcended into greater respect for the art community because Picasso’s work showed the trend of modernism and even started it. For it to be called a masterpiece is an insult because Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon can still be regarded as the most recent face of Modernism art. Discuss Matisse`s painting `Blue Nude,` in particular the formal dynamics of the painting, the style and subject matter. Also, compare with his earlier works `The Joy of life,` and `Luxe, Calme et Volupte.`            Henri Matisse is considered the most important painter of the 20th century. He was the leader of the fauvist movement which emerged in the 1900. His works are described with expressive colors and subjects who are domestic or figurative treated in a distinct Mediterranean style. Pablo Picasso is one of his contemporaries and is characterized as more methodical in terms of temperament compared to Picasso. Matisse if often times compared to Raphael, who taught and encourage other painters. His works employs different styles, from Impressionism to near abstraction. His paintings are more exciting with its colors.            Blue Nude is Matisse showcase of his fondness in the use of colors. Released in 1907, the Blue Nude exemplifies Matisses’ employment of abstract expressionism. Blue Nude or Souvenir de Biskara is a painting of journey. The artist experimented with contraposto or the undulating S-curve pose. He uses this method also in his later sculptures. The painting was done after Matisse’s trip to North Africa in which he became inspired form the African culture and society; this evidently is carried in his works. The painting is a reclining nude, a dynamic variation of the classic Venus pose and abstracts his painting with African influences. The Blue Nude: memory of Biskra has increased abstraction, extreme contraposto, vigorous application of blue as its color, and mask- like character of the woman’s face.            Le Bonhour de vivre or the Joy of Life measures 8 feet wide and is characterized with lines, spaces and colors influenced by the Art Nouveau style. There are the arrangement of trees and people. The different groups in the painting exhibit the independence and arrangement of their distinctions. The dancers at the center of the painting became frequent as subject of Matisse in later works; they were inspired by fishermen dancing in the village. There is also the reclining image motif. This painting was believed to have started the inspiration for Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon painting which was a breakthrough. Luxe, Calme et Volupte of 1904 is often thought of as the first Fauve painting which emerged in art history. It is painted primarily in tones of red and yellow and had languid nudes at water’s edge that is part of depicting a landscape. There is countless of sunlight rays and images and the objects usually Matisse employs; beach promenades, nestled fishing boats sinous trees and inviting houses that reveals a sense of serenity. Discuss the use of language and found objects in Analytical Cubism and Cubist Collage. Analytical cubism is characterized with fragments and intersecting planes that have argued that the underlying intention of cubism artists is to depict object or human forms from multiple perspectives. The analytical cubism invented a new visual language that has its own internal logic and consistency that does not attempt to depict accurately or directly nature. Shown by the works of Picasso and Braque, they limited the use of color scheme to dark browns and grays that radically departed from the form of nature. Cubist collage on the other hand or synthetic cubism began with Picasso alone in the early 1914 or late 1913. It is the point in which Picasso gained and led the Cubist innovation among his contemporary, Braque. The language is to escape the flatness and constricting form of collage and divert the process into forming literal three dimensional objects and paintings. Cubist collage aims to push forward into literal space in front of the picture plane.  Reference: Luxe, Calme Et Volupte. (2004).  Retrieved March 2, 2007, from http://www.henry-matisse.com/luxe.html Anonymous. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon by Pablo Picasso.  Retrieved March 2, 2007, from http://www.geocities.com/picasso0408/demoizav.html Anonymous. (2007). Cubism: Analytical Cubism.  Retrieved March 2, 2007, from http://www.lycos.com/info/cubism–analytical-cubism.html Greenberg, C. (2003). Collage.  Retrieved March 2, 2007, from http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/collage.html Harden, M.  Retrieved March 2, 2007, from http://www.artchive.com/artchive/M/matisse/bonheur.jpg.html
Thursday, January 2, 2020
Marketing Analysis Marketing And Marketing Mix Four Ps...
To launch a new product to account the market share and get fat profits in this changeable and competitive market today is not a simple work. According to the Chief Marketing Officer in the AMA () , it is told that the new definition of marketing has changed marketing to an educational process. This means that the mainly role for marketing is going to take on the needs of the customers and stir the launch for new products to deliver the values to make the final customer happy. In this article, centering on the customer needs in the marketing, it will analyze and evaluate the role played by marketing during the process of developing a new product, using the STP and Marketing Mix Four Ps theory systems. As noted by Jobber and Chadwick (2013), new products are divided into four types including product replacements, additions to existing lines, new product lines and new-to-the-world products. Every of these new products are developed basing on the customer needs which are carried in the marketing. In other words, marketing is the carrier of the customer needs. Customers take marketing activities in the marketing process so that their needs are displayed in the market. The customer needs can be analyzed from the marketing environment via the management tools like PESTEL and the Porter’s Five Forces frame works. () According to the American Marketing Association Definition of Marketing (), it is defined that the process for the marketing is to create values for customers. ItShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mix, By Neil H. Borden1629 Words  | 7 PagesThe Marketing Mix The marketing mix, also referred to as the four Ps, represents a list of categorized, dynamic parameters of a product that define its value. Marketing decisions are based on these four categories: product, price, place, promotion. 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Wednesday, December 25, 2019
A College Student And The Son Of A Mechanical Engineer
Being a freshman college student and the son of a mechanical engineer, I get to see, in depth, what the life of an engineer consists of. I’ve seen how my dad travels all over Europe every month for business meetings, where he checks in and out of the most luxurious hotels and drives around BMW and Mercedes-Benz rental cars, then spends any free time sightseeing in Paris, Rome, Greece, and many other places all over Europeâ€â€all paid for by his company. When he returns home after a week or two in Europe, he goes back to his regular routine, where he gets his work done on his own watch and gets a 6-figure salary. I often talk to my dad about the engineering field and how different types of engineering jobs are related. I gathered that basically all engineers travel a lot and have all work expenses covered by his/her company. Also, many engineers get to see everything their company produces before it is released to the public. I can recall a time in the spring of 2012 when m y dad, who works for Ford Motor Company, dropped me off to school in the highly anticipated 2013 Ford Fusion, a car that was not available to the public yet. I remember all the surprised faces of my classmates as they saw me coming out of a car they’ve never seen before. An amazing experience it was to me; it was just another part of my dad’s job. This type of lifestyle certainly caught my interest. At this point in my life, I need as much exposure to jobs that I could possibly want to pursue. WithShow MoreRelatedEthos And Pathos In Bernard Roths The Achievement Habit994 Words  | 4 Pageswhat you are trying to say and the credibility of the statements, that, is ethos. You can use this to look at the characteristics/credibility of Roth to see if it justifies what he is writing about. Since his writings are about the betterment of college students in particular, it is important to see what credentials he has to be talking about that subject. Roth is an older man, so you might think that he is possibly out of touch with a younger generation. On the contrary, one can infer from his writingRead MoreEssay The Pact1319 Words  | 6 Pageswould be a stretch at best. From the time before my very first breath, my life has been completely different. Throughout the years, my life further diverged, until you examine our (maybe use â€Å"my†instead of â€Å"our†â₠¬â€œ makes the connection to yourself) college years. Despite the differences, many similarities can be found just by taking a look at events, rather than situations. These situations (events – you said to focus on the events rather than the situations) are my connection to â€Å"The Pact†. 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Collaboration with Families and Stakeholders: Community engagement is a two-way street where the school, families, and the community actively work together, creating networks of shared responsibility for student success. It is a tool that promotes civic well-being and that strengthens the capacity of schools, families, and communities to support young peoples’ full development. Community engagement is the hallmark of a community school. In the past, many
Tuesday, December 17, 2019
Homelessness Is A Problem That Affects Many Americans
Homelessness is a problem that affects many Americans, whether it is for a day or the rest of their lives. There are no cities in the United States that can shelter all of its homeless, and this is one of the main reasons that we cannot help them like we want to. Often times there are not enough housing for homeless people. Sometimes homeless people are arrested, though, and there they have a warm place to sleep, with the food that they need. The case may be that they did this on purpose because they are usually only arrested for minor infractions. There are many reasons for a person to be homeless, including being a veteran. A veteran is a man or woman who has served our country by fighting for our freedom, and most of the time they end up on the streets. This is not how they should end up, as they risked their lives for the country. When a soldier becomes a veteran, they have to live on what they were paid for fighting for our country. On average, a football player, who plays for o ne’s entertainment, gets paid more than a soldier. Often times this money is not enough for the veteran to live on, and they become homeless. There is a wide variety of veterans, and the older they are the harder it is for them to obtain a job. The youngest homeless veterans are in their 20s, whereas the oldest are from the Vietnam War. (Grand Rapids Business Journal) Economic problems though are often the root of homelessness in America. There are other factors including a high povertyShow MoreRelatedSociological Perspective on Homelessness1248 Words  | 5 Pagesdate Sociological Perspective on Homelessness Homelessness is a social problem that is prevalent around the world. Homelessness has existed for much of civilized human history. In the last two centuries, homelessness and changed and expanded. Sociologists who study and research homelessness have argued over its formal definition for decades, though for some, the definition of homelessness seems self explanatory and obvious. The paper will examine homelessness, particularly as a sociological issueRead MoreVulnerable Populations1503 Words  | 7 PagesVulnerable Populations BSHS/320 The United States of America is the place known to many as the land of the free, home of the brave, and the place to start a better life. With any place that has good qualities, some have not so good qualities. The homeless population in the United States is at a staggering high, and many individuals are suffering because many lack employment/financial resources, housing resources, support from family and friends, and others negligence; such as natural disastersRead MoreIs Homelessness Not Just A Problem?1714 Words  | 7 Pagessignificance of the advances in technology is the fact that homelessness is not just a problem in the United States, it has global implications. The people that die and are displaced as a result of homelessness is a major challenge to social justice. Through the tenets of the Critical Race Theory, it’s been statistically qualified and quantified that minority groups are frequently targeted and suffer from socioeconomic neglect, resulting in homeles sness. The Lack of equal access to supportive politicalRead MoreThe Problem With Homeless Today1209 Words  | 5 Pages Week 7 Assignment: The Problem with Homeless in America Equilla Simmons Boston University One of the basic human needs is shelter. While many people take having a roof over their head for granted, there is a plethora of people that have no place to call home. However, America has become a place where Social Darwinism is vastly accepted, leaving several people that are homeless with limited resources. â€Å"In January 2013, 610,042 people were homeless on a given night. Most (65 percent)Read MoreRace and Homelessness in New York City1120 Words  | 4 PagesIntroduction The most severe form of poverty is homelessness, which is living without a permanent residence. Homelessness refers to people who are using emergency/transitional housing and people who live in unsheltered homes, those living on the streets or in parks, abandoned buildings, cars, subway tunnels or other places that are not meant for human habitation. The homeless population has always been around in the United States. It is a social phenomenon that can be traced back from the colonialRead MoreWhy Do People Become Homelss1750 Words  | 7 Pagesto present to you why people become homeless and why it does not stop Homelessness is a problem that have getting out of hands because of not addressing the situation on time. The focus is not so much the why but, if it will ever stop. Homelessness is a phenomenon that has so much to address research has been done; it was discover that for our government to concentrate on the stop instead of the why. We know the why. The problem is to start by addressing the gender, the culture, the psychosocial ofRead MoreThe Disgrace of Veteran Homelessness Essay1400 Words  | 6 Pagesaround the world. During all these wars American soldiers have proudly served their country. Because of these wars America is famous throughout the world for military power and its protection of freedom in the world. Today the U.S is an international symbol of wealth and power; it has the largest Gross Domestic Product in the world as well as the strongest military. Yet even America falls prey to a social ill that plagues every society, that of the homelessness of its citizens. Shamefully of those homelessRead MoreEssay about The United States Homeless Population879 Words  | 4 Pagespopulation continues to grow rapidly. Homelessness has been a public health issue for many decades. Often times these individuals feel as though society has turned a blind eye to them. This at risk population is seen by society as lazy or chose to live a life on the streets, but if one would examine this population closely would see that there is more to this at risk population than what society has labeled them as. The forces, which affect homelessness, are multifaceted. Social forces such asRead MoreEssay about Persuasive Speech: We Must Fight Homelessness 972 Words  | 4 Pages      Specific Purpose:           To persuade my audience to help fight homelessness           Central Idea:           With more help for the homeless we can make America better for everyone      Attention      I. Imagine for a moment that youre not in this classroom. A. Instead your outside, but you not walking to class or your dorm, your living there.           B. Imagine for a moment that you yourself are homeless.                1. You have no shelter                2. When itRead MoreHomelessness Is A Problem Of Homelessness1610 Words  | 7 PagesHomelessness is a monster. Each day, there are people on the streets suffering from homelessness. These unsheltered people litter the streets, and plead for help. There are different types of homelessness, but the most monstrous is chronic. The chronically homeless are left to endure the hardships of homelessness without hope of an effective solution. Americans disregard all homeless populations, but the most heart wrenching group that is disregarded is the veterans. The veteran homelessness problem
Monday, December 9, 2019
Ancient Greece Essay Introduction Example For Students
Ancient Greece Essay Introduction Ancient Greece is a peninsula located off the Mediterranean Sea, and is surrounded by several islands. Ancient Greece was made up of different types of government. There were two types of city states an oligarchy , which is ruled by a small group of citizens and a direct democracy ruled by the people . All citizens could make speeches and vote at the Assembly. The Council made up of 500 citizens made new laws which were debated in the Assembly . Only citizens could vote ,women ,foreigners, slaves did not have the right to voteReligion and myths were very important in Greek citizens lives . They used Gods and Goddess to explain things which happened in science and everyday life . They built temples to honor their Gods and Goddess and held the Olympics in honor of the king of the gods Zeus . The Parthenon was a temple built to honor the Goddess Athena . The people believed the Gods and Goddess would favor you if you gave them offerings such as gold ,silver ,and the fruit of the harvest .A few of the Gods and Goddess were Zeus king of the gods ,Athena Goddess of wisdom, warfare, and the city , Apollo , god of the sun , light ,truth , music and , prophecy , Hades brother of Zeus and king of the under world and afterlife , and Poseidon, ruler of the seas . All of the gods and goddess lived at Mount Olympus the highest mountain in Greece . The Greeks had many occupations , traders , merchants , architects , philosophers, dramatists , sculptors , doctors , poets , astronomers and , physicists however ; each citizen protected the city state . Every citizen had a duty to defend the state as a hoplite, which is a heavily equipped warrior .They operated in a large rectangular formation of thousands of men all equal in rank . The Greeks influenced the way we live today .The educated Greeks wanted explanations for the world and things around them . they made observations and came up with theories . These people were known as philosophers which means the love of wisdom Socrates , Plato , and Aristotle were famous philosophers . Hippocrates is known as the father of medicines today doctors take the Hippocratic Oath , named after him , which requires them to act ethically and morally . Anaxagras , an astronomer explained that a solar eclipse is caused by the moon passing between the earth and the sun blocking out the suns light . Literature was made up of myths and poems . The most famous Greek poet was Homer , who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey . A Greek theater which began in the marketplace with dances and songs was the start of the present day theater . Architecture was important in the Greek culture . There were three types Doric , simple whit thick sturdy columns , Ionic , a thinner column and , Corinthian thin columns with elaborate capitals decorated with acathus leaves . Life in Greece was different depending on where you lived . I would prefer to live in Athens because the military requirements are not as restrictive . In Athens rich boys ,at the age of seven , went to school to study reading , writing , arithmetic , music , and debating . Poor boys did not go to school . Girls stayed at home and learned how to spin and weave from their mothers . The children did not have pencils , they used a stylus and a wax covered wooden tablet . Pebbles or an abacus was used to help with math . Boys participated in sports to honor the gods to help them prepare for the military . They played games such as knucklebones , which is similar to jacks and played music on a lyre , cymbals or kitharas , which was a harplike instrument. In Sparta they had a very militaristic government and trained for war during the day . At the age of seven boys trained to be soldiers . They learned how to use spears , swords and to help them become stronger they lived in all kinds of w eather . They used sports to help them become better soldiers .If a man was married he would have to stay in the military for another ten years . Then he was free to live with his family . Spartan women had to learn how to use a spear and a sword , so they could prepare their sons for battle . The reason Sparta needed such a strong military was because they were afraid their slaves , called helatsas would rebel . Bibliography Eastern HemisphereSilver,Burdett,GinnMorristown,NJThe Iliad and The OdysseyDorsett PressBy HomerNY NYKids Discover MagazineNY NYVolume 4Issue 7
Sunday, December 1, 2019
Strategies for Effective Managerial Communication and Listening free essay sample
Strategies for effective managerial communication and listening Interpersonal communication plays an important role not only in our personal life but also in business field since interpersonal communication is the procedure that we can receive information and feeling from someone immediately and then to lead us to express our opinions, feeling, and emotion back. According to Hartley (as cited by Sethi Seth, 2009), he defined interpersonal communication as having three characteristics. First, communication is from one person to another. Another characteristic is communication which is face-to-face. Last, both the form and content of the communication reflect the personal characteristic of individuals, their social roles, and relationship. Thus, effective skills in communication are necessary to maintain and increase the quality of our lives and relationships with our family, friends and coworkers. If we cannot communicate effectively, we may have misunderstandings within relationships. Besides, it would be very easy to become confused, frustrated and disappointed simply if we are unable to communicate appropriately with someone. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies for Effective Managerial Communication and Listening or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Likewise, in business management, the process of communication between managers and employees would dramatically affect morale, teamwork, productivity, employee retention, and customer relation, and so on. Therefore, to sustain long term relationship with either employees or customers and to reduce managerial frustration about subordinate error, it is extremely significant for a manager to understand what and how the managerial communication strategies and skills can be applied effectively when interacting with colleagues, employees, stockholders, and the public as well. The purpose of this paper is to give some suggested strategies which can be implemented and applied in communication management. First of all, since normal managers may mostly spend their time on assigning tasks to their subordinates or transmitting information, most managers are deficient in listening skills. Besides, some managers may tend to emphasize their roles to be followed, rather than accepting other perspectives or paradigm shifts from their employees. In these communication processes, communication cannot be very effective for either a manager or a subordinate. Thus, to cultivating a listening skill is profoundly important to be implemented in the communication process by a manager. According to Covey (1989), he stated that the habit five â€Å"seek first to understand, then to be understood†is the key to effective interpersonal communication. He also interpreted that we should listen to understand with empathy and appreciation, not intending to reply quickly. Even though we usually seek first to be understood, it is more significant to try to get into the persons frame of mind and think as they are thinking. He also mentioned that when we take an open mind to be genuinely influenced by a person, we can obtain a totally new view and thinking of life. Therefore, the effective listening strategy can be suggested for a manager is that a manager can learn to listen deeply to other subordinates, he or she will discover tremendous difference in perception and sustain relationship with subordinates, instead of continuous speaking or responding directly. Besides, to communicate employees effectively, there are several ways can be established and encouraged. First of all, communication with employees may be improved if the manager is aware of their feeling and opinion. Opinion poll is a good method which can be used by managers to examine or investigate whether or not their employees are working in favorable conditions or unfavorable ones. For example, employees may provide something which needs to be improved immediately in the company. Employees may tell something in the opinion polls if they may be afraid of speaking with their managers directly. Eventually, the opinion polls will help the manager to understand the satisfaction within the employees and how to improve and facilitate communication process in the company. Additionally, because employees are sometimes more attentive to communication from another employees than from their employers, the other most efficient tool for effective communications is gossiping secretary since gossiping secretary would be more considerably faster than conducting opinions polls which are possibly held monthly, quarterly, or even seasonly. Moreover, it is also helpful to directly communicate with the natural leaders who can be apparently founded as a natural leader in all groups of employees. Communications with all employees can often be improved if the manager can communicate first with the company’s natural leaders since the natural leaders would basically understand how current employees’ feeling and thinking is. Since communication skills do not merely consist of listening and speaking, written skills are also play an important role in communication. However, most managers may describe a thing by showing too many terminology and phraseology. It would be too much complicated to read and understand for their employees. Employees may neglect the good intention of written message because unclearly written communication may have a tendency to frustrate employees. Therefore, â€Å"Keep it simple†is a good rule to follow when preparing written communications. (Duft, n. d. ) Additionally, the most demanding problem for managers is that they need to communicate with the general public. If the managers lack communication skills, the firm may apparently lose customers and lose business. Thus, it is also essential for managers to improve their ability to communicate with the public. There are some guidelines that managers should strive to follow. First of all, the message should attract, or at least maintain a receiver’s attention. Besides, the message should be easy to remember. Third, the message should convey a favorable image of the business and its personnel. The other guideline is that the message should be meaningful and believable. (Duft, n. d. ) However, there are some barriers to impact effective interpersonal communication. (Sethi Seth, 2009). First of all, when people communicate an idea, the receiver can feel how the sender perceives the subject matter. Different people may have different feeling on construing the messages. Intense emotions may make effective communication more difficulty since the receivers may understand the sender’s words or actions wrongly. The sender should avoid reacting to the subject matter if the receiver is upset or angry since the receiver may not able to think rationally in the communication. Besides, the sender may manipulate the information when communicating to the receiver. People sometimes tend to shape the message to make it sound favorable to the receiver. Thus, the sifting information may deceive the receiver into thinking or into something favorable. The receiver may be disappointed or upset if founding out that information has been sifted. Additionally, it is likely to be perplexing for a receiver to receive excessive information about the same subject matter. For instance, we may not clearly understand if we have 20 e-mails on the same theme, each email includes some part of the theme. Instead, it would be better for the receiver to have a single e-mail from the sender that emphasize on clear information which the receiver needs. Thus, it is important to just take in required information since too much irrelevant information will exceed the receiver’s capacity and hard to read and organize it. Moreover, effective interpersonal communication may be impacted by people who are from different cultures since they probably could not comprehend each other’s cultures and misunderstand the true meaning of what each other is trying to express the feeling. Last but not least, the receiver may not familiar with other’s argot or jargon words, so the sender should avoid using argot during the communication. Argot may affect communication ineffectively. The communication barriers may also occur in business when a manager tries to convey information to employees and customers. Thus, there are some methods to avoid and overcome the barriers. First of all, the receiver would be able easily understand what the sender is saying by structuring own language and uncomplicated sentences. Moreover, since sensitive issue may occur during the conversation, both senders and receivers should control own emotion and take rationally when they are communicating. Besides, it is also essential for a receiver to place themselves in the sender’s position and try to comprehend exactly what the sender would like to express and convey. To make sure the receiver’s understanding is also important. We can confirm our receiver by using closed-ended question such as â€Å"Did you understand what I have just said? †or â€Å"Is what I said clear to you? †The way can make sure that the receiver has completely understood what is being communicated. (Sethi Seth, 2009). As a result, most managers spend the largest proportion of their time commutating with employees and customers. Cultivating and improving their communicative ability is extremely important since the communicative skill is a fundamental element of planning, organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling. To achieve an effective managerial communication, a manager should be aware of what their subordinate and employee concern and require instead of insisting on own perspectives. Thus, a manager should have a good listening skill to first understand what the senders try to convey and express and comprehend more other paradigms. Besides, a manager should transmit information clearly and rationally. Do not make too complicated information and sentences because it is hard to read and understand. Properly controlling emotion during communication is also necessary for a manager since showing too much emotion may lead the receivers have other different feeling although the manager is not intentional. Nevertheless, a manager may spend most time thinking strategies on how to make firm performance well and how to manage business successfully. Therefore, a manager should better spend time on realizing the strategies for the managerial communication. If a manager is deficient in managerial communication skills, he or she may not conduct business well and effectively.
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